Conjunction:

"A conjunction is a word that joins two or more Words, Phrases, or Clauses".
 
Examples:

1. Silver and gold  (Joined two Words)
2. Over the river and through the woods (Joined two Phrases)
3. Maria planted a flower and she watched it grow. (Joined two Clauses)

Type of Conjunctions:

There are three types of Conjunctions.

1. Coordinating Conjunctions: And, For, Nor, Or, But, Yet, So

2. Subordinating Conjunctions: Unless, Whenever, Since, Once, Though, Until, Whether, Before, etc.

3. Correlative Conjunctions (in pairs' Conjunctions):

Either . . . or
Neither . . . nor
Both . . . and
Not only . . . but also
Just as . . . so
As many . . . as
Rather . . . than

Examples:

Both Rohit and I are allergic to dust.
Either Maria or Ahmed will pick you up.
Neither myself nor he will pick you up.
Just as she loves driving so she enjoys traveling as well.
Not only does he play the lead guitar but he is also the band’s songwriter.
There are as many curtains as there are windows.
He’d rather play the drums than sing.

 
Interjection:

"An Interjection is a word that shows Emotion". 
 
Interjections are usually one to two words that come at the beginning of a sentence.

Interjection does not interact with any other words in the sentence.
An Interjection is sometimes followed by an ' Exclamation Mark (!) ', when written.

Interjections are short exclamations like Oh!, Um or Ah!

Some Important Interjections with examples:

1. Ah
Meaning: Expressing as Pleasure or Realization or Resignation or Surprise
Sentences:
a) Ah, that feels good.
b) Ah, now we understand.
c) Ah, we have won

2. Alas
Meaning: Expressing as Grief or Pity
Sentence: Alas, his father dead now.

3. Eh
Meaning: Expressing as Inquiry or Surprise or Inviting agreement.
Sentences:
a) What do you know of that, eh?
b) Eh! Really?
c) Let's we go, eh?

4. Hello
Meaning: Expressing as Greeting or Surprise
Sentence: Hello Syed, how are you today?

5. Hey
Meaning: Expressing as Surprise or Joy
Sentences:
a) Hey! Look at this.
b) Hey! What is a good idea?

6. Hi
Meaning: Expressing as Greeting
Sentence: Hi! How are you?

7. Well
Meaning:Expressing as Surprise or Introducing as a Remark
Sentences:
a) Well, you are winning the match.
b) Well, I know, what did he say?

Preposition:

"Prepositions are Words that show the relationship between a Noun or Pronoun and some other word or element in the rest of the sentence".

Prepositions are important words. We use individual Prepositions more frequently than other individual words. Many Prepositions have more than one meaning.

Groups of the Prepositions:

There are three groups of the (common) Prepositions:

a) Prepositions of Place, Position and Direction.
b) Prepositions of Time.
c) Prepositions for Other relationships.

Prepositions of Place:

above
across
along
among
at
away from
behind
below
beside
between

Prepositions of Position:

beyond
by
down
from
in
in front of
inside
into
near
off

Prepositions of Direction:

on
opposite
out (of)
outside
over
around
through
to
towards
under
up

Prepositions of Time:

after
before
at
by
for
during
from
in

Prepositions for Other Relationships:

except
as
like
about
with
without
by
for

Some General Rules regarding Prepositions:

It is permissible to end a sentence with a Preposition.
A Preposition is followed by a Noun.
A Preposition is never followed by a Verb.
It is permissible to begin a sentence with a Preposition, or a Prepositional Phrase, but be very careful when you do so.
A Prepositional Phrase always begins with a Preposition and ends with a Noun or Pronoun called the 'Object of the Preposition'.
The subject of the sentence can never be part of a Prepositional Phrase.
A Verb can never be a part of a Prepositional Phrase.
If we follow with a Verb, we must use the "-ing " form which is really a Verb in Noun form.
 
For using this pattern or sequence:  'subject + verb + preposition + noun'

Examples:

1. This copy is ON the table.
2. The food is ON the table.
3. We are looking FOR you.
3. He lives IN Germany.
5. He held the pencil OVER the desk.

Prepositions of Time / Place (will use At , In , On )

'At' will use for a Precise Time
'In' will use for Months, Years, Centuries and Long Periods
'On' will use for Days and Date
Examples: 

at 4:30 a.m, at noon, at the moment, at lunch time
in March, in the summer, in the future, in 2013, in the morning
on Monday, on 6th May, on your birthday, on New Year, on Friday morning

Use some Prepositions in following sentences:

1. for two days, for two hours, for an hour
2. during the war, during my stay, during the movie
3. from Monday to Friday, from 6 to 8
4. between Monday and Friday, between 2012 and 2013
5. till or until Sunday 4 o'clock, till or until Tuesday 7:30 o'clock
6. by next month, by Friday, by tomorrow
7. across the road, across the river, across the street
8. into the car, into the public room
 
Note: You simply have to be careful when 'starting a sentence with a Preposition', that the sentence does not become fragmented as a result.
 
Here is an example with the Preposition UP.

We ran UP the hill. Correct 
UP the hill we ran. Incorrect:

Here is an example with the Preposition OVER.

The rabbit jumped OVER the log. Correct 
OVER the log the rabbit jumped. Incorrect:

Here is an example with the Preposition ABOARD.

We got ABOARD the train to ride down to Delhi. Correct 
ABOARD the train we got to ride down to Delhi. Incorrect:


 

Complete the Exercises with Correct Answers, please click

Exercise-1

Exercise-2

Exercise-3

Exercise-4

Exercise-5

Exercise-6

Adverb:

"Adverbs modify or describe Verbs, Adjectives, or other Adverbs".  

Let's you look at some examples of them describing Verbs, Adjectives, and Adverbs.

1. We will eat there.  [ In this sentence,  'There' is an Adverb, describing the Verb 'Will Eat' ]

2. Your face is extremely reddish. [ In this sentence,  'Extremely' is an Adverb, describing the Adjective 'Reddish' ]

3. Her baby crawled very slowly.  [ In this sentence,  'Very' is an Adverb, describing the Adverb 'Slowly' ]

Some Important words (Adverbs):

Beautifully, Carefully, Cheerfully, Competitively, Eagerly, Gracefully, Happily, Lazily, Quickly, Really, Stylishly, Unevenly, Urgently, Wishfully

Adverbs 'Answer' one of these Adverb 'Questions'.

1. How? will use . . . happily, really, quite, peacefully, etc.

2. When? will use . . . tomorrow, now, yesterday, never, etc.

3. Where? will use . . . here, there, everywhere, etc.

4. Why? will use a sentence  ' . . . because he wanted soup'.

Adverb Clause: A dependent clause that functions as an Adverb.

Example:

 I will eat my lunch now.  [ In this sentence, Adverb (now) is modifying to 'will eat' ]

 I will eat my lunch after I eat two bananas.  [ In this sentence, Adverb Clause (I eat two bananas) is modifying to 'will eat' ]

Types of Adverbs:

Although there are thousands of Adverbs, each Adverb can usually to be categorized in one of the following groups:

1. Adverbs of Time:

Examples:

Press the button now. [ In this sentence, 'now' is used as 'Adverb of Time' ]

I tell him daily. [ In this sentence, 'daily' is used as 'Adverb of Time' ]

2.  Adverbs of Place:
 
Examples:

I did not put it there.  [ In this sentence, 'there' is used as 'Adverb of Place' ]

I did not put it to everywhere.  [ In this sentence, 'everywhere' is used as 'Adverb of Place' ]

3. Adverbs of Manner:

Examples:

He passed the test easily.  [ In this sentence, 'easily' is used as 'Adverb of Manner' ]

The lion crawled heartily.  [ In this sentence, 'heartily' is used as 'Adverb of Manner' ]

4. Adverbs of Degree:

Examples:

She boxed more cleverly.  [ In this sentence, 'cleverly' is used as 'Adverb of Degree' ]

That is the farthest, he has ever jumped.  [ In this sentence, 'farthest' is used as 'Adverb of Degree' ]
 

Adjective:

" Adjectives describe Nouns and Pronouns."

1. Which one? . . . blue sky.
2. What kind? . . . furry monkey.
3. How many? . . . fifteen candles.
4. Whose? . . . Hashim's book shop.

Kinds of Adjective:

1. Proper Adjectives: American books, English grammar, Indonesian food, etc.

2. Comparative Adjectives: Use the Comparative Form, when you are comparing two things.

Examples:

Simon is richer than his neighbor.
Simon is more beautiful than his neighbor.

Most Comparative Adjectives end in '-er ' 
Richer, Happier, Taller, etc.

Or begin with ' more ' 
More beautiful, More peaceful, More spontaneous, etc.

3. Superlative Adjectives: Use the Superlative Form, when you are comparing three or more things.

Examples:

Out of Aiman, her neighbor, and her librarian, Aiman is the richest, Aiman is the most beautiful.

Most Superlative Adjectives end in '-est' 
Richest, Happiest, Tallest, etc.

Or begin with 'most' 
Most beautiful, Most peaceful, Most spontaneous, etc.

4. Predicate Adjectives: Predicate Adjectives are a bit tricky because, they involve linking verbs.
    Also, the Predicate Adjectives come after Linking Verbs and describe the Subject of the sentence.

Examples:

1. I feel happy today.
2. This mango is ripe.

Form of the Adjectives:

1. Regular Form of Comparatives and Superlatives:

Positive: Happy, Beautiful, Rich
Comparative: Happier, More beautiful, Richer
Superlative: Happiest, Most beautiful. Richest

2. Irregular Form of Comparatives and Superlatives:

Positive: Good, Little, Bad
Comparative: Better, Less, Worse
Superlative: Best, Least, Worst
 

The Verb:
"A verb is a word that expresses an action or a state of being. "

According to the definition, there are Three main categories or types of Verbs:

Action Verbs: 

I love Honey. I turned the table. (Action Verbs)

Linking Verbs:

I am a teacher. I turned the table. (Linking Verbs)

Helping Verbs:

I have been playing cards. (Helping Verbs)

Helping verbs are always 'Helping' either an Action Verb or a Linking Verb.

Examples:
I will play the piano. (helping verb and action verb)
I will be a teacher. (helping verb and linking verb)

Remember:
Action and Linking Verbs are called 'Main Verbs'.
Here 'Main' means that the Verb is Strong enough to be the only Verb in the sentence.

Verb Phrase:
 A Main Verb and a Helping Verb  working together are called a 'Verb Phrase'.

Examples:
I will eat fruits and ice cream.    'will eat' is Verb Phrase
I have been feeling better.          'have been feeling' is Verb Phrase

The Types of the Verb:

There are four types of the Verb.

1. Intransitive Complete Verbs:
    Cats drink. Clocks tick. Buses move. etc.

2. Transitive Active Verbs:
    Cats drink milk. Clocks make noise. Buses move back the road. etc.

3. Transitive Passive Verbs:
    John Ebrahim was kicked by Khan. The house was demolished by the storm. etc.

4. Intransitive Linking Verbs:
    I turned the page. I turned green. etc.

Regular and irregular Verbs:

A 'Regular Verb' is any verb whose conjugation follows one of the typical pattern, of the language to which it belongs.

An 'Irregular Verb' is any verb whose conjugation follows a different pattern.

Common English Irregular Verb or Forms of Verb: (Base Form, Past Simple & Past Participle)

Examples:

Do,  Eat,  Buy,  Come,  Fall                            Base or 1st form
Did,  Ate,  Bought,  Came,  Fell                    Past Simple or 2nd form
Done,  Eaten,  Bought,  Come,  Fallen      Past Participle or 3rd form

List of Verbs and its Forms & Forms

Pronoun:
"A Pronoun is a Word that takes the place of a Noun."

Pronouns can do all of the things that Nouns can do.
They can be subjects, direct or indirect objects, object of the prepositions etc.

Examples:  He,  She,  It,  They,  We,  You,  Someone,  Who 

Types of Pronouns:

1. Personal Pronouns: I,  Me,  We,  Us,  You,  She,  Her,  He,  Him,  It,  They,  Them

2. Relative Pronouns: These Pronouns are words that introduce Adjective Clauses.

   As like: Who,  Whom,  Whose,  Which,  That

3. Demonstrative Pronouns: This,  That,  These,  Those

    Remember: You can use 'Demonstrative Pronouns' to point out the particular People or Things.

4. Indefinite Pronouns: Each,  Everything,  One,  Everyone,  Someone,  Anything,  Both,  Many,
                                 Several,  Few,  All,  Most,  None,  Some,  Much
  
   Remember: Indefinite Pronouns do not refer to a Definite or Specific Person or Thing.

5. Reflexive Pronouns & Intensive Pronouns: Reflexive Pronouns and Intensive Pronouns are kind of like   identical twins. They look the same, but they are actually different.

   'Reflexive Pronoun' is used to refer to the subject of the sentence.
   'Intensive Pronoun' is used to emphasize another noun.

   These two types of pronouns end in 'self' or 'selves'.

   Himself,  Herself,  Myself,  Itself,  Yourself,  Ourselves,  Yourselves,  Themselves

6. Interrogative Pronouns: What,  Whom,  Whose,  Who,  Which
  
   Remember: Interrogative Pronouns are often begin Interrogative Sentences.
  
   Example: Who stole the film from her Camera?

7. Possessive Pronouns: Show ownership.

   As like: His,  My,  Hers,  Your,  Theirs,  Mine,  Ours,  Its

   Remember: Possessive Pronouns are used before the nouns.
   They are actually being used as Adjectives, not Pronouns.

   Example: Our family has vacation next week. (used as adjective)

              That car is ours. (used as pronoun)

" A category to which a word is assigned in accordance with its syntactic functions  or  Every single word belongs to one of Eight Word Groups is called Parts of Speech "

In English Language, the main Parts of Speech are:

Noun, Pronoun, Verb, Adjective, Adverb, Preposition, Conjunction, and Interjection. 

Noun:
A Nouns is word that name people, places, things, or ideas.
Nouns have the ability to perform different functions, or jobs, 
in the sentences.  

List of Nouns or Type of Nouns

1. Common Nouns: Name people, places or things that are not specific.

Examples:
Man or Woman, Mountain, State, Ocean, Country, Building, Cat, Airline

2. Proper Nouns: Name specific people, places, or things.

Examples:
Walt Disney, Mounts, Atlantic Ocean, Australia or New Zealand, Empire State Building, Sun Country

3. Abstract Nouns: Name Nouns that you can't perceive with your five sense. 

Examples:
History, Communication, Love, Wealth, Happiness, Pride, Religion, Belief

4. Concrete Nouns: Name Nouns that you can perceive with your five senses.

Examples: House, Ocean, Uncle Henry, Bird, Photograph, Banana, Eyes, Light, Sun, Dog, Suitcase, Flowers

5. Countable Nouns: Name Nouns that you can count.

Examples:
Bed, Cat, Movie, Train, Country, Book, cell Phone, Speaker, Clock, Pen, Imran Khan

6. Uncountable Nouns: Name Nouns that you can't count.

Examples:
Milk, Rice, Snow, Rain, Water, Food, Music

7. Compound Nouns: There are made up of two or more words.

Examples:
Table cloth, Eye Glasses, New York, Photograph, Son-in-law, Sunlight, Snow Flake

8. Collective Nouns: Refer to things or people as a unit.

Examples:
Audience, Bunch, Flock, Team, Group, Family, Village

9. Singular Nouns: Name one person or place or thing or idea.

Examples:
Cat, Ship, Hero, Monkey, Baby, Match, South Africa

10. Plural Nouns: Name more than one person, place, thing, or idea.

Examples:
Cats, Ships, Heroes, Monkeys, Babies, Matches, South Africans

11. Possessive Nouns: show ownership.

Examples:
Brother's Car, Mary's cat, The Student's book, Our Country.