Adjective:

" Adjectives describe Nouns and Pronouns."

1. Which one? . . . blue sky.
2. What kind? . . . furry monkey.
3. How many? . . . fifteen candles.
4. Whose? . . . Hashim's book shop.

Kinds of Adjective:

1. Proper Adjectives: American books, English grammar, Indonesian food, etc.

2. Comparative Adjectives: Use the Comparative Form, when you are comparing two things.

Examples:

Simon is richer than his neighbor.
Simon is more beautiful than his neighbor.

Most Comparative Adjectives end in '-er ' 
Richer, Happier, Taller, etc.

Or begin with ' more ' 
More beautiful, More peaceful, More spontaneous, etc.

3. Superlative Adjectives: Use the Superlative Form, when you are comparing three or more things.

Examples:

Out of Aiman, her neighbor, and her librarian, Aiman is the richest, Aiman is the most beautiful.

Most Superlative Adjectives end in '-est' 
Richest, Happiest, Tallest, etc.

Or begin with 'most' 
Most beautiful, Most peaceful, Most spontaneous, etc.

4. Predicate Adjectives: Predicate Adjectives are a bit tricky because, they involve linking verbs.
    Also, the Predicate Adjectives come after Linking Verbs and describe the Subject of the sentence.

Examples:

1. I feel happy today.
2. This mango is ripe.

Form of the Adjectives:

1. Regular Form of Comparatives and Superlatives:

Positive: Happy, Beautiful, Rich
Comparative: Happier, More beautiful, Richer
Superlative: Happiest, Most beautiful. Richest

2. Irregular Form of Comparatives and Superlatives:

Positive: Good, Little, Bad
Comparative: Better, Less, Worse
Superlative: Best, Least, Worst
 

The Verb:
"A verb is a word that expresses an action or a state of being. "

According to the definition, there are Three main categories or types of Verbs:

Action Verbs: 

I love Honey. I turned the table. (Action Verbs)

Linking Verbs:

I am a teacher. I turned the table. (Linking Verbs)

Helping Verbs:

I have been playing cards. (Helping Verbs)

Helping verbs are always 'Helping' either an Action Verb or a Linking Verb.

Examples:
I will play the piano. (helping verb and action verb)
I will be a teacher. (helping verb and linking verb)

Remember:
Action and Linking Verbs are called 'Main Verbs'.
Here 'Main' means that the Verb is Strong enough to be the only Verb in the sentence.

Verb Phrase:
 A Main Verb and a Helping Verb  working together are called a 'Verb Phrase'.

Examples:
I will eat fruits and ice cream.    'will eat' is Verb Phrase
I have been feeling better.          'have been feeling' is Verb Phrase

The Types of the Verb:

There are four types of the Verb.

1. Intransitive Complete Verbs:
    Cats drink. Clocks tick. Buses move. etc.

2. Transitive Active Verbs:
    Cats drink milk. Clocks make noise. Buses move back the road. etc.

3. Transitive Passive Verbs:
    John Ebrahim was kicked by Khan. The house was demolished by the storm. etc.

4. Intransitive Linking Verbs:
    I turned the page. I turned green. etc.

Regular and irregular Verbs:

A 'Regular Verb' is any verb whose conjugation follows one of the typical pattern, of the language to which it belongs.

An 'Irregular Verb' is any verb whose conjugation follows a different pattern.

Common English Irregular Verb or Forms of Verb: (Base Form, Past Simple & Past Participle)

Examples:

Do,  Eat,  Buy,  Come,  Fall                            Base or 1st form
Did,  Ate,  Bought,  Came,  Fell                    Past Simple or 2nd form
Done,  Eaten,  Bought,  Come,  Fallen      Past Participle or 3rd form

List of Verbs and its Forms & Forms

Pronoun:
"A Pronoun is a Word that takes the place of a Noun."

Pronouns can do all of the things that Nouns can do.
They can be subjects, direct or indirect objects, object of the prepositions etc.

Examples:  He,  She,  It,  They,  We,  You,  Someone,  Who 

Types of Pronouns:

1. Personal Pronouns: I,  Me,  We,  Us,  You,  She,  Her,  He,  Him,  It,  They,  Them

2. Relative Pronouns: These Pronouns are words that introduce Adjective Clauses.

   As like: Who,  Whom,  Whose,  Which,  That

3. Demonstrative Pronouns: This,  That,  These,  Those

    Remember: You can use 'Demonstrative Pronouns' to point out the particular People or Things.

4. Indefinite Pronouns: Each,  Everything,  One,  Everyone,  Someone,  Anything,  Both,  Many,
                                 Several,  Few,  All,  Most,  None,  Some,  Much
  
   Remember: Indefinite Pronouns do not refer to a Definite or Specific Person or Thing.

5. Reflexive Pronouns & Intensive Pronouns: Reflexive Pronouns and Intensive Pronouns are kind of like   identical twins. They look the same, but they are actually different.

   'Reflexive Pronoun' is used to refer to the subject of the sentence.
   'Intensive Pronoun' is used to emphasize another noun.

   These two types of pronouns end in 'self' or 'selves'.

   Himself,  Herself,  Myself,  Itself,  Yourself,  Ourselves,  Yourselves,  Themselves

6. Interrogative Pronouns: What,  Whom,  Whose,  Who,  Which
  
   Remember: Interrogative Pronouns are often begin Interrogative Sentences.
  
   Example: Who stole the film from her Camera?

7. Possessive Pronouns: Show ownership.

   As like: His,  My,  Hers,  Your,  Theirs,  Mine,  Ours,  Its

   Remember: Possessive Pronouns are used before the nouns.
   They are actually being used as Adjectives, not Pronouns.

   Example: Our family has vacation next week. (used as adjective)

              That car is ours. (used as pronoun)

" A category to which a word is assigned in accordance with its syntactic functions  or  Every single word belongs to one of Eight Word Groups is called Parts of Speech "

In English Language, the main Parts of Speech are:

Noun, Pronoun, Verb, Adjective, Adverb, Preposition, Conjunction, and Interjection. 

Noun:
A Nouns is word that name people, places, things, or ideas.
Nouns have the ability to perform different functions, or jobs, 
in the sentences.  

List of Nouns or Type of Nouns

1. Common Nouns: Name people, places or things that are not specific.

Examples:
Man or Woman, Mountain, State, Ocean, Country, Building, Cat, Airline

2. Proper Nouns: Name specific people, places, or things.

Examples:
Walt Disney, Mounts, Atlantic Ocean, Australia or New Zealand, Empire State Building, Sun Country

3. Abstract Nouns: Name Nouns that you can't perceive with your five sense. 

Examples:
History, Communication, Love, Wealth, Happiness, Pride, Religion, Belief

4. Concrete Nouns: Name Nouns that you can perceive with your five senses.

Examples: House, Ocean, Uncle Henry, Bird, Photograph, Banana, Eyes, Light, Sun, Dog, Suitcase, Flowers

5. Countable Nouns: Name Nouns that you can count.

Examples:
Bed, Cat, Movie, Train, Country, Book, cell Phone, Speaker, Clock, Pen, Imran Khan

6. Uncountable Nouns: Name Nouns that you can't count.

Examples:
Milk, Rice, Snow, Rain, Water, Food, Music

7. Compound Nouns: There are made up of two or more words.

Examples:
Table cloth, Eye Glasses, New York, Photograph, Son-in-law, Sunlight, Snow Flake

8. Collective Nouns: Refer to things or people as a unit.

Examples:
Audience, Bunch, Flock, Team, Group, Family, Village

9. Singular Nouns: Name one person or place or thing or idea.

Examples:
Cat, Ship, Hero, Monkey, Baby, Match, South Africa

10. Plural Nouns: Name more than one person, place, thing, or idea.

Examples:
Cats, Ships, Heroes, Monkeys, Babies, Matches, South Africans

11. Possessive Nouns: show ownership.

Examples:
Brother's Car, Mary's cat, The Student's book, Our Country.

The Most Commonly-used Phrasal Verbs in English:  (Last Part)

 
Set off
Meaning: Start a journey
Sentence: We set off for Ice places areas,in next week of January.

Set up
Meaning: Start a business
Sentence: She set up her own company on 10 years ago.

Shop around
Meaning: Compare prices to
Sentence: We should check always the shop around before buying anything.

Sign away
Meaning: Give up one's rights or ownership
Sentence: He signed away father's properties and joined a religious organization.

Sign in
Meaning: Register at a hotel or company etc.
Sentence: Let's go and eat as soon as you've signed in.

Sign up or with
Meaning: Sign an agreement to work for somebody
Sentence: He has signed up with a news agency.

Sit down
Meaning: Take a seat
Sentence: Please come in and sit down with her brother.

Take away
Meaning: Buy food at a restaurant and carry it elsewhere to eat it.
Sentence: Two beef curries or plates to take away please.

Take care of
Meaning: Look after
Sentence: We'll take care of your plants while you're away.

Take off
Meaning: Leave the ground
Sentence: The plane took off at 7:30 a.m.

Take out
Meaning: Remove or extract
Sentence: She took out a pen to note the my home address.

Test out
Meaning: Carry out an experiment
Sentence: The theory of light hasn't been tested out yet.

Track down
Meaning: Find by searching
Sentence: The City Police finally tracked down the main criminals.

Turn away
Meaning: Refuse entrance to someone
Sentence: Hundreds of fans were turned away from the Cricket Stadium.

Use up
Meaning: Finish a product or thing
Sentence: The kids have used up all the color pencils.

Warm up
Meaning: Make more lively or more relaxed
Sentence: He told some interesting jokes to warm up the atmosphere.

Watch out
Meaning: Be careful
Sentence: Watch out! There's a hole in track.

PHRASAL VERBS (All lessons)

Part 1

Part 2

Part 3

Part 4

Part 5

Part 6

Part 7

The Most Commonly-used Phrasal Verbs in English: (Part 6)

Own up
Meaning: Admit or confess something
Sentence: The boy owned up because, he kicked the ball through the window.

Pass away
Meaning: Die
Sentence: He has passed away. My prayers are with him.

Pick up
Meaning: Learn
Sentence: Children are easily to pick up this new language.

Pick up
Meaning: Collect, give someone a lift
Sentence: Shehzad is coming to pick me up at 8 o'clock.

Play down
Meaning: Minimize or make something appear less to important
Sentence: Indian's government played down the gravity of the situation.

Pop in
Meaning: Make a brief visit
Sentence: You sometimes pop in for a cup of Coffee or Green tea.

Put away
Meaning: Return something to its normal place after using it.
Sentence: Please put away my dictionary, when you've finished using it.

Put on
Meaning: Turn on or switch on
Sentence: Could you put on the light please?

Pick up
Meaning: To collect somebody
Sentence: I'll pick you up at the airport directly.

Rely on
Meaning: Count on or depend on
Sentence: Don't worry, You can rely on me. I can keep a secret.

Rule out
Meaning: Eliminate
Sentence: The police ruled out to the political situations.

Run away
Meaning: Escape from a place or suddenly leave
Sentence: He has run away from his home at the age of fourteen.

Run into
Meaning: Meet by accident or unexpectedly
Sentence: We ran into Bill Gates at the shopping center.




    to be continued . . .

For information only . . .

The Most Commonly-used Phrasal Verbs in English: (Part 5)

 
Lay off
Meaning: Fire, dismiss, let go
Sentence: Many factories have had to lay off workers.

Leak out
Meaning: Become known 
Sentence: News of the planned merger leaked out.

Let down
Meaning: Disappoint
Sentence: You promised to come to the party, so don't let me down!

Line up
Meaning: Stand in a row
Sentence: All the books were lined up neatly on the shelves.

Look after
Meaning: Take care of
Sentence: This baby sitter will look after the children when their parents go out.

Look ahead
Meaning: Think of the future
Sentence: It's time to forget the past and look ahead.

Look into
Meaning: Examine or investigate
Sentence: We'll look into the matter and call you back.

Make fun of
Meaning: Laugh at or make jokes about
Sentence: The old lady's dress was so strangely that the children make fun of her.

Make up
Meaning: End a quarrel
Sentence: It's time to shake hands and make up to them.

Mark down
Meaning: Reduce the price
Sentence: The Coat was marked down by 40% to 50% a real bargain!

Move out
Meaning: Leave your home or office for another one
Sentence: My neighbor is leaving this house and will move out next Saturday.

Narrow down
Meaning: Reduce a list or a number of options
Sentence: The list of suspects has been narrowed down to two brothers.

Note down
Meaning: Write something to down
Sentence: I'll call the railway station and note down the departure times.



to be continued . . .